Near Wieferich primes
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Let us express numbers (mod p2) in a form
Z+Ap
with both Z, A reduced (mod p).
Wieferich primes are defined by
2p-1 ≡ 1 (mod p2),
i.e. 2p-1=1+0p. Thus, for Wieferich primes
2 ((p -1)/2) =1+0p (mod p2) or 2 ((p -1)/2) =p-1+(p-1)p (mod p2)
is satisfied. The second case can be written also as -1+(-1)p, because -1≡ p-1 (mod p). ”Absolute value“ |A| of A is in fact considered as
min{|A’|,|A’-p|}
(where A’ is nothing but A viewed as integer).
Now, we define near-Wieferich primes as primes having in the form Z+Ap (mod p2)
Z=±1 and |A|<=100. (128 instead 100 appears in our application.)
There are some probabilistic thinking about a number of near-Wieferich primes. According to one of these, a number of near-Wieferich primes in the range [1015,2*1015] could be cca 4. But it is a conjecture only. Up to now, two near-Wieferich primes are known in [1015,2*1015]:
1140417231387373, where Z = −1 and A = −82
1170553064286511, where Z = +1 and A = −84
Author: Miroslav Kures